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Wavefront Technology in
Eye Exams

By Madeleine Vessel; reviewed by Gary Heiting, OD

Wavefront technology developed for custom LASIK may soon be used routinely by eye doctors to better diagnose vision problems in eye exams, perhaps making the familiar eye chart obsolete.

Most people have had eye exams with a device called a phoropter, which contains many lenses of different powers. An ophthalmologist or optometrist changes the lenses in front of your eyes, asking which lens produces the best image.

With this conventional approach, information you give the eye doctor is very subjective, based more on what you think you see instead of what you actually see. But a wavefront measurement is objective, because vision errors can be identified automatically by the way light waves travel through the eye.

Someday, these detailed wavefront measurements may replace conventional eyeglass or contact lens prescriptions, which describe vision problems only in terms of the eye's nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism.

Just as custom (or "wavefront-guided") LASIK has the potential for producing sharper vision than conventional LASIK, glasses and contact lenses made with this advanced technology may also produce better visual clarity than their conventional counterparts.

For more about the differences between conventional and wavefront-guided eyewear prescriptions, read High-Definition Eyeglass Lenses.

What Is a Wavefront?

So exactly what does "wavefront" mean?

Imagine light traveling as a bundle of rays. If you draw lines perpendicular to the tips of a bundle of light rays, you get what is called a wavefront map. In an eye with perfect vision, the wavefront is perfectly flat; but the wavefront of an imperfect eye is irregular.

The types of distortions this wavefront acquires as it travels through the eye provide valuable information about vision errors and how to correct them.

What Is Wavefront Technology (Aberrometry)?

Aberrometry measures the way a wavefront of light passes through the cornea and the crystalline lens, which are the refractive (light focusing) components of the eye. Distortions that occur as light travels through the eye are called aberrations, representing specific vision errors.

Wavefront technology, or aberrometry, diagnoses both lower- and higher-order vision errors represented by the way the eye refracts or focuses light. Higher-order aberrations are more complex vision errors, whereas lower-order aberrations are more common vision errors such as nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism.

Common shapes of aberrations created when a wavefront of light passes through eyes with imperfect vision. (Images: Alcon Inc.)

Wavefront and Higher-Order Aberrations

Previously, with conventional methods of eye examinations, only lower-order vision errors could be diagnosed and treated. Higher-order aberrations such as coma, trefoil and spherical aberration were largely ignored by eye care professionals because their impact on vision was believed at the time to be slight and because no feasible means existed to precisely identify or correct them.

Now that higher-order aberrations can be accurately defined by wavefront technology and corrected by new kinds of spectacles, contact lenses, intraocular lenses and refractive surgery, they have become more important factors in eye exams.

Higher-order aberrations started receiving more attention because they were identified as sources of visual side effects after LASIK and other refractive surgery, causing halos, ghost images and other visual symptoms. Newer wavefront-guided lasers used in vision correction surgery can reduce certain higher-order aberrations, which may improve visual performance, especially for low-light activities such as driving at night.

How Is a Wavefront Measurement Performed?

A wavefront diagnosis of the eye is performed with an aberrometer.

Top: Traditional eye exams using phoropters with trial lenses can take a long time and rely on subjective feedback from patients. (Image: National Eye Institute) Bottom: Wavefront eye exams automatically and objectively measure vision errors in a few seconds and in much greater detail. (Image: Alcon, Inc.)

With most aberrometers, you place your chin on a chin rest. Next, you are asked to peer into the device and focus your eyes on a point of light. After a few seconds of silence (no feedback will be required of you), the wavefront measurement is completed and a wavefront map of your eye prints out for your eye care professional.

In general, an aberrometer uses a three-step process:

1. Because a wavefront passes through the opening in the front of the eye (pupil), your pupil diameter is measured. This measurement is used to derive a reference wavefront shape representing a theoretically perfect eye that has the exact same pupil size as yours.
2. Then, the round shape of a wavefront of light that has passed through your eye is captured. Because no eye is actually perfect, all such wavefronts will contain at least some distortions.
    
   Some aberrometers capture the wavefront the instant it reaches the back of the eye or retina, while others capture the wavefront as it exits the pupil or front of the eye, after it reflects off the retina. Some aberrometers capture the wavefront at both locations.
3. An aberration map of the eye is created by comparing the shape of the captured wavefront with that of the pre-programmed reference wavefront, measuring all points of difference between the two. Then a wavefront map of your eye, sometimes called an "optical fingerprint" since no two eyes produce the exact same map, is created.

What Does Your Eye's Wavefront Map Mean?

When you start to interpret the results of your eye's wavefront map, keep in mind that the reference shape used for comparison is flat or two-dimensional.

While no eye is ever perfect, a wavefront map of a theoretically perfect eye is a flat plane. Notice how this three-dimensional shape representing a vision error changes to almost a flat plane after the eye is corrected with wavefront-guided LASIK. (Images: Alcon Inc.)

This flat, circular plane represents a theoretically perfect (emmetropic) eye that exactly matches the diameter of your eye's pupil.

Your eye's actual three-dimensional wavefront map is created through comparison with this theoretically perfect, flat wavefront map. Three-dimensional distortions occur in the actual wavefront map based on how individual light rays are altered as they travel through the eye.

Imperfections in the cornea and lens can alter the path of light rays by causing them to speed up, slow down or incorrectly bend (refract).

Other eye problems also can cause higher-order aberrations, including dry eye that alters the eye's tear film, which also helps refract light rays. Even cataracts clouding the eye's natural lens or scarring of the eye's surface from eye surgery, disease or trauma can cause higher-order aberrations and focusing problems.

Based on the many different patterns that can occur in a wavefront, more than 60 different aberrated shapes have been identified and classified as vision errors.

How Your Wavefront Map Is Used

The wavefront map is a complete, accurate description of all aberrations affecting your eye. Your eye doctor uses your wavefront map as a blueprint for custom-designing your vision correction, whether with refractive surgery such as LASIK, intraocular lenses, contact lenses or glasses.

Remember that you can never achieve a perfect wavefront, because no eye is perfect. Even if you are diagnosed with a certain number of higher-order aberrations, this is not necessarily cause for concern, unless the degree of aberration causes significant vision problems such as difficulty seeing at night.

[Page updated June 2011]